Journal of Applied Science and Engineering

Published by Tamkang University Press

1.30

Impact Factor

2.10

CiteScore

Chien-Ching Chiu This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Chien-Hung Chen2, Shu-Han Liao1 and Kuan-Chung Chen1

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan 251, R.O.C.
2Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 111, R.O.C.


 

Received: March 11, 2011
Accepted: June 28, 2011
Publication Date: June 1, 2012

Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.2012.15.2.07  


ABSTRACT


In this paper, a new ultra wideband circular antenna array (UCAA) combining genetic algorithm to minimize the bit error rate (BER) is proposed. The ultra wideband (UWB) impulse responses of the indoor channel for any transmitter-receiver location are computed by applying shooting and bouncing ray/image (SBR/Image) techniques, inverse fast Fourier transform and Hermitian processing. By using the impulse response of multipath channel, the BER performance of the binary pulse amplitude modulation (B-PAM) impulse radio (IR) UWB system with circular antenna array can be calculated. Based on the topography of the antenna and the BER formula, the array pattern synthesis problem can be reformulated into an optimization problem and solved by the genetic algorithm. Our approach is not only choosing BER as the object function instead of sidelobe level of the antenna pattern, but also considering the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the genetic algorithm is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the LOS path which scales as the number of array elements. In other words, the receiver can increase the received signal energy to noise ratio. The synthesized array pattern also can mitigate severe multipath fading in complex propagation environment. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system.


Keywords: UWB, Genetic Algorithm, BER, Feed Length, Circular Antenna Array, SBR/Image


REFERENCES


  1. [1] Federal Communications Commission, “Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding UltraWideband Transmission System, FIRST REPORT AND ORDER,” FCC, ET Docket, pp. 1118 (2002).
  2. [2] Colak, S., Wong, T. F. and Serbest, A. H., “UWB Dipole Array with Equally Spaced Elements of Different Lengths,” 2007 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, pp. 789793 (2007).
  3. [3] Malik, W. Q., Edwards, D. J. and Stevens, C. J., “Angular-Spectral Antenna Effects in Ultra-Wideband Communications Links,” IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 153 (2006).
  4. [4] Funk, E. E. and Lee, C. H., “Free-Space Power Combining and Beam Steering of Ultra-Wideband Radiation Using an Array of Laser-Triggered Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 44, pp. 20392044 (1996).
  5. [5] Yazdandoost, K. Y. and Kohno, R., “Free-Space Power Combining and Beam Steering of Ultra-Wideband Radiation Using an Array of Laser-Triggered Antennas,” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 42, pp. 2932 (2004).
  6. [6] Ghavami, M., “Wideband Smart Antenna Theory Using Rectangular Array Structures,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 50, pp. 21432151 (2002).
  7. [7] Tarokh, V., Seshadri, N. and Calderbank, A. R., “Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communications: Performance Criterion and Code Construction,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol. 44, pp. 744745 (1998).
  8. [8] Chen, C. H. and Chiu, C. C., “Novel Optimum Radiation Pattern by Genetic Algorithms in Indoor Wireless Local Loop,” IST Mobile Summit 2000, Galway, Ireland (2000). (Proc., pp. 391399).
  9. [9] Peng, M. and Wang, W., “Comparison of Capacity between Adaptive Tracking and Switched Beam Smart Antenna Techniques in TDD-CDMA Systems,” Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 135139 (2005).
  10. [10] Ares, F. J., Rodriguez, A., Villanueva, E. and Rengarajan, S. R., “Genetic Algorithms in the Design and Optimization of Antenna Array Patterns,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 47, pp. 506510 (1999).
  11. [11] Gueguen, E., Thudor, F. and Chambelin, P., “A Low Cost UWB Printed Dipole Antenna with High Performance,” IEEE International Conference on UltraWideband, pp. 8992 (2005).
  12. [12] Talom, F. T., Uguen, B., Rudant, L., Keignart, J., Pintos, J.-F. and Chambelin, P., “Evaluation and Characterization of an UWB Antenna in Time and Frequency Domains,” IEEE International Conference on UltraWideband, pp. 669673 (2006).
  13. [13] Manteuffel, D., “Radio Link Characterization Using Real Antenna Integration Scenarios for UWB Consumer Electronic Applications,” Ultra Wideband Systems, Technologies and Applications, 2006. The Institution of Engineering and Technology Seminar, pp. 123130 (2006).
  14. [14] El-Hadidy, M. and Kaiser, T., “Impact of Ultra WideBand Antennas on Communications in a Spatial Cannel,” 1st International Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, 2006, pp. 15 (2006).
  15. [15] Liu, C. L., Ho, M. H., Chiu, C. C. and Cheng, C. Y., “A Comparison of UWB Communication Characteristics for Various Corridors,” ACTA International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, Vol. 30, pp. 172177 (2010).
  16. [16] Ho, M. H., Liao, S. H. and Chiu, C. C., “A Novel Smart UWB Antenna Array Design by PSO,” Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, Vol. 15. pp. 103115, (2010).
  17. [17] Ho, M. H., Liao, S. H. and Chiu, C. C., “UWB Communication Characteristics for Different Distribution of People and Various Materials of Walls,” Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 315 326 (2010).
  18. [18] Liao, S. H., Ho, M. H. and Chiu, C. C., “Bit Error Rate Reduction for Multiusers by Smart UWB Antenna Array,” Progress In Electromagnetic Research C, Vol. 16. pp. 8598 (2010).
  19. [19] Liao, S. H., Chiu, C. C., Ho, M. H. and Liu, C. L., “Channel Capacity of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Ultra Wide Band Systems with Single Co-Channel Interference,” International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 23, pp. 16001612 (2010).
  20. [20] Liao, S. H., Chen, H. P., Chiu, C. C. and Liu, C. L. “Channel Capacities of Indoor MIMO-UWB Transmission for Different Material Partitions,” Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 49 63 (2011).
  21. [21] Chiu, C. C., Kao, Y. T., Liao, S. H. and Huang, Y. F., “’UWB Communication Characteristics for Different Materials and Shapes of the Stairs,” Journal of Communications, Vol. 6, pp. 628632 (2011).
  22. [22] Liao, S. H., Ho, M. H., Chiu, C. C. and Lin, C. H. “Optimal Relay Antenna Location in Indoor Environment Using Particle Swarm Optimizer and Genetic Algorithm,” Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 62, pp. 599615 (2012).
  23. [23] Ho, M. H., Chiu, C. C. and Liao, S. H., “Bit Error Rate Reduction for Circular UWB Antenna by DDE,” International Journal of RF and Microwave ComputerAided Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 260271 (2012).
  24. [24] Malik, W. Q., Edwards, D. J., Zhang, Y. and Brown, A. K., “Three-Dimensional Equalization of Ultrawideband Antenna Distortion,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electromagn. Adv. Apps. (ICEAA), Torino, Italy (2007).
  25. [25] Yao, R., Chen, Z. and Guo, Z., “An Efficient Multipath Channel Model for UWB Home Networking,” Radio and Wireless Conference, 2004 IEEE, pp. 511516 (2004).
  26. [26] Oppermann, I., Hamalainen, M. and Iinatti, J., UWB Theory and Applications, John Wiley & Sons (2004).
  27. [27] Homier, E. A. and Scholtz, R. A., “Rapid Acquisition of Ultra-Wideband Signals in the Dense Multi-Path Channel,” IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, pp. 105109 (2002).
  28. [28] Gargin, D. J., “A Fast and Reliable Acquisition Scheme for Detecting Ultra Wide-Band Impulse Radio Signals in the Presence of Multi-Path and Multiple Access Interference,” 2004 International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems, pp. 106110 (2004).
  29. [29] Liu, C. L., Chiu, C. C., Liao, S. H. and Chen, Y. S., “Impact of Metallic Furniture on UWB Channel Statistical Characteristics,” Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 12, pp. 271278 (2009).
  30. [30] Goldberg, D. E., Genetic Algorithm in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Addison Wesley (1989).
  31. [31] Johnson, J. M. and Rahmat-Samii, Y., “Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Electromagnetics,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 39, pp. 721, (1997).